Category: Literature

Book Review, Book Related Topics

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Revisiting a Childhood Classic: How Daddy-Long-Legs Shaped My Love for Literature

While my husband and I were cleaning the siding of our house, I found a Daddy-long-legs spider. That small moment reminded me of one of my favorite childhood books, Daddy-Long-Legs, by Jean Webster. I loved this book so much that I spent countless hours reading it repeatedly. Revisiting books I cherished in my youth allowed me to see them in a new light as an adult, and I was curious how I would perceive Daddy-Long-Legs this time.

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Initially published in 1912, Jean Webster’s novel was quite popular when I was growing up, especially among children. This book had an immense impact and introduced me to many other books. When I found the spider, I took it as a sign to revisit this book.

Plot Summary:

Jerusha “Judy” Abbott is a 17-year-old orphan who has spent her entire life in the John Grier Home, an orphanage. She is optimistic despite her unfortunate circumstances and grim future as an orphan. Judy is skilled at writing – which prompted an anonymous benefactor, one of the orphanage’s trustees, to offer to send her to college on the condition that she write him letters regularly to update him on her progress. Mrs. Lippert, the orphanage administrator, told her that Judy was not to expect any replies or attempt to discover his identity. She never met her benefactor. Her only glimpse of him is a shadow on the wall in the orphanage hallway, which reminds her of a long-legged spider, so she whimsically nicknames him “Daddy-Long-Legs.”

Judy is surrounded by girls from affluent backgrounds at college and quickly realizes how different her upbringing was. For example, she seemed ignorant of certain books every girl read, such as “Little Women.” Undeterred, she sets out to bridge this gap, immersing herself in books, studying diligently, and working to improve her education. Her unwavering determination, despite the odds, is truly inspiring as she begins to blossom intellectually and socially, learning about life beyond the orphanage. 

Judy becomes close friends with her roommates, including Julia Pendleton, who comes from a wealthy family. Julia asks Judy to meet her uncle, Mr. Jervis Pendleton, who is 14 years older than them. Over time, Judy grows fond of Mr. Jervis. However, she initially keeps her feelings to herself, fearful of how to navigate her growing emotions.

As Judy’s education progresses, she gains confidence and sees her potential as a writer. She earns a scholarship (her sponsor told her to decline). She even sells her first piece of writing for $50, a testament to her emerging talent as a writer. Her growth, from a young orphan to a confident and talented individual is something to be proud of. At one point, her mysterious benefactor, Daddy-Long-Legs, suggests she spend a summer in Europe to broaden her horizons, but Judy declines, wanting to remain grounded in her studies. Mr. Jervis tries to persuade her to go, but she stays firm in her decision.

Judy’s feelings for Mr. Jervis deepen, but she is afraid to confess everything about her past to him, worrying about how it might affect their relationship. She is also worried that her upbringing may negatively impact him. A misunderstanding arises when Mr. Jervis believes Judy has feelings for Jimmy McBride, the brother of her close friend Sally. He misunderstands that Judy would like to marry Jimmy. Hurt and confused, he distances himself from her.

Missing Mr. Jervis, Judy writes to Daddy-Long-Legs about her feelings toward him and how she messed up her relationship entirely due to fear. Later, she is summoned by her benefactor’s secretary, who informs her that her mysterious sponsor is ill. When Judy visits him, she is stunned to discover that Mr. Jervis Pendleton has been her benefactor, Daddy-Long-Legs all along. Their mutual feelings are finally revealed, and the novel ends with Judy and Jervis coming together in love.

Historical and Social Context

Daddy-Long-Legs is a romantic novel with an exciting twist. It was written when few people, especially women and orphans, could attend university. In the early 20th century, like the book’s protagonist, Judy, total orphans often faced grim futures. Many were destined for lives of servitude or were sent West to work on farms. Unlike Judy’s fairy-tale-like experience, most real-life orphans were not so fortunate.

Orphanages have existed in the United States since the mid-19th century, and charitable organizations often found them. The need for them grew between 1830 and 1850 due to health epidemics such as Cholera and Tuberculosis. Many children in these institutions were housed temporarily until their parents could recover financially. Only about 30% of orphans were “total orphans,” with no family to return to. Life after the orphanage was often bleak for these children, with few opportunities. The U.S., like other countries, usually sent these orphans to far-flung areas for labor, much like Anne of Green Gables depicts. Judy’s story in Daddy-Long-Legs, where she receives an education and support from a benefactor, is closer to a fairy tale.

Regarding female education, the U.S. held relatively progressive views from the early 19th century onward. The first women’s college was established in 1836; by 1875, around 50 colleges opened their doors to women. Many scholars trace this educational progress back to the influence of New England Puritan beliefs, emphasizing that boys and girls should be able to read. Primary schooling became more accessible, and by 1750, nearly 90% of women in New England were literate, with some advancing to secondary education. However, formal schooling was still limited to those with means, which is why many young women, like Judy, needed a benefactor to attend college.

Judy’s benefactor, Mr. Jervis, is mentioned as a socialist in her letters, adding a unique dimension to his role. In the context of early 20th-century America, his support for Judy’s education reflects a progressive outlook that was not common for his time.

Impression of the Book

Daddy-Long-Legs is written epistolary, where the narrative unfolds through letters. Through Judy’s correspondence, we witness her journey from a young girl to an independent young woman. As I read the book, I was pleasantly surprised by how clearly her letters convey her growth. While there is a romantic element to the story, I believe the author’s primary focus is on the importance of education for all, regardless of gender or social status.

Despite the progressive strides in education, gender expectations remained robust in early 20th-century America. These can also be explored in other works, such as The Awakening. At the time, it was still uncommon for a girl of Judy’s background to receive such an education, let alone attend university.

Personal Impact

Reading Daddy-Long-Legs brought back memories of other works I encountered at an early age, such as Little Women, Vanity Fair, David Copperfield, and Hamlet. I had already read these books by the time I graduated elementary school.

As a child, I remember being surprised by the revelation that Mr. Jervis was Judy’s benefactor. However, in hindsight, the clues were evident throughout the story. For example, his interest in literature, like taking the girls to see Macbeth, hinted at his identity. His actions, preventing Judy from spending the summer at Sally’s house, may have been motivated by a hint of jealousy towards Jimmy. Reading the book now, with full knowledge of the ending, I see all the signs I missed in my younger years. That plot twist left a lasting impression on me as a child.

As a young reader, the more English Literature I read, the more I want to learn English to read all this literature in English. I also thought about the possibilities that Education could open future options later in my life. Nothing is 100%; however, introducing a book like “Daddy-Long-Legs” can impact a young child.

References

Carlton, G. (2023, March 20). A History of Women in Higher Education | BestColleges. https://www.bestcolleges.com/news/analysis/2021/03/21/history-women-higher-education/

Women’s education in the United States. (2024, August 27). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_education_in_the_United_States

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I Learned An Important Lesson That Independence Requires Support

by reading Kate Chopin’s “The Awakening”

Kate Chopin’s The Awakening was initially published in 1899 by Herbert S. Stone & Company. The book was written around “Women’s Independence” and “Women’s sexual exploration. ” It challenged gender expectations at the time. 

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During this period, women in the United States had far fewer rights than men. It wasn’t until 1920, when the 19th Amendment was ratified that women gained the right to vote (National Archives, n.d.). In the decades leading up to this, only about 15% of women worked outside the home, primarily due to the opportunities presented by the Industrial Revolution, which led factory owners to hire women and children at lower wages.
Despite these advances, women were still expected to marry, bear children, and manage their households. The struggle for property rights, which women in the U.S. won slightly earlier than their English counterparts, was just one facet of the broader fight for equality.

Chopin’s portrayal of Edna Pontellier’s journey in The Awakening delves deeply into the struggles and desires that accompany the pursuit of personal freedom, especially within the constraints of a society that has rigid expectations for women. The novel invites readers to explore the emotional and psychological complexities faced by women who dared to seek independence in a world that often demanded their subservience.

Through Edna’s experiences, Chopin offers a nuanced critique of the societal norms that stifle individuality and the frequently painful consequences of defying these norms. This intricate exploration of a woman’s quest for self-realization is a powerful narrative that still resonates with readers today. Today, in this blog, I want to focus on its symbolism and how it is not only built around the theme of this book, “Women’s Independence and Freedom,” but also tied to Edna’s internal journey. Finally, I want to discuss what I have learned from this novel.

The Plot Summary

Edna Pontellier, the protagonist, is the wife of Leonce Potenllier, who owns French Louisiana Cresole. They have twin boys. They went to Grand Isle for summer vacation, managed by Madame Leburn and her sons Robert and Victor. Robert Leburn is a charming young man who seeks Edna’s attention. Unlike her husband, Leonce, Robert pays great attention to Edna. He also taught Edna how to swim, as Edna was born and raised in Kentucky and never learned to swim. Their relationship started innocently. When they fell in love, Robert fled to Mexico for business.

After returning home to New Orleans after their vacation, Edna actively sought her happiness. She isolated herself from society in New Orleans. She started withdrawing from caring for her kids or traditional duties at home. She began to paint and try to earn money. Leounce worried about her, but his medical doctor, also a friend, advised him to let her be until things got normal.

While Leonce was in New York for his business, she moved out of their home and rented a house nearby. Edna started to have an affair with Alcee Arobin, a womanizer. It was a sexual relationship, but an awkward relationship. Eventually, Robert returned from Mexico and confessed to Edna that he loved her. Edna’s friend, Adele, had a problematic childbirth for her 4th child and called Edna. She told her that she needed to think about her children. When she returns from Adele, Edna realizes that Robert has left her for good because he loves her so much that he cannot endure a relationship with a married woman.

Edna was shocked and betrayed. She returned to Grand Isle, where she first met Robert, and went into the ocean to seek eternal freedom.

The Theme and Symbolize of the book

The book is written around the theme of “Women’s Independence.” What I found intriguing was the progression in the symbolism of the sea, which is tightly related to Edna’s internal journey from fear to freedom and, ultimately, her tragic resolution. 

Beginning (Serpents/Fear): Edna’s fear of the ocean is reflected in the initial depiction of the sea, with the serpent representing fear, danger, and seduction. Likewise, women’s freedom and independence were perceived as fear, risk, and unknown.

Conquering Swimming (Expanse of Water): As Edna learns to swim, the sea is now described as an expanse that could be perceived as a limitless space merging with the sky. The shift signifies her newfound confidence and realization of her potential for independence. The Sea now also embodies the boundless possibilities that freedom potentially offers to Edna. This is when Edna started to embrace her independence and desires.

After Breaking up with Robert (Serpent again): When Edna’s relationship with Robert ends, the sea is once again described as Serpent, a more menacing form. This return of the serpent suggests the resurgence of her fears and doubts as her emotional support crumbles, and she faces the harsh realities of her choices. 

End (Sensual Embrace): Finally, the description of the sea at the end of the novel—sensuous and embracing—indicates Edna’s ultimate surrender to the idea of freedom, but now in a more permanent and absolute form. 

The author used this trick to emphasize water’s freedom to be shaped into unlimited forms. I don’t recall any books changing the symbolism to change forms. It’s brilliant! 

The Important Lessons I Learned from This Book

Independence and freedom come with consequences, so you need to be strong to withstand social rejection. When you start something completely new, you still need support from society. I understand that being independent can be challenging. I left Japan when I was 18 years old. Women are expected to stay local and get married. I am from a small city in Japan, and my actions can be considered peculiar. Most of my friend’s mother stayed home. My mother, who never stopped working after her two childbirths, influenced me a lot. I wanted to work, but it was impossible due to our bad economy. Back then, women had difficulties getting a permanent job. So, I saw the potential outside of Japan, so I left. It was hard, but I still had some support, ultimately making me who I am today. Remember, I still had some support. While Edna had almost no support at all. Chopin’s book highlights that true independence is not all about rejecting social norms; it also requires a robust support system and the ability to withstand the consequences. 

Her book The Awakening was initially published. Some critics praised Chopin’s courage in challenging the norm of gender expectations at the time. Still, many gave negative criticism, claiming the book was too provocative to the point of being controversial. I found a fascinating picture of Kate Chopin’s letter to Herbert Stone in 1899. She asked her publisher, Herbert Stone, “What are the prospects for the book?” in the letter as her professional reputation as an author. Despite her efforts, her book, “A Vocation and a Voice,” was denied for publishing the following year. Her book was forgotten after she died in 1904 until the 1960s when it was picked as a landmark in feminist fiction.

I don’t think Edna’s choice was something I will embrace. I still see the great literature values in the book. I found the words in this novel to be beautiful. Most importantly, this progressive book was written in the late 19th century in the United States.

References

19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women’s Right to Vote (1920). (2021, September 21). National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/19th-amendment

Making Modernism: Kate Chopin to Herbert Stone, 1899. (n.d.). Making Modernism. Retrieved August 30, 2024, from https://digital.newberry.org/scalar/making-modernism/kate-chopin-to-herbert-stone-1899

Yellen, J. L. (2020, May). The history of women’s work and wages and how it has created success for us all. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-history-of-womens-work-and-wages-and-how-it-has-created-success-for-us-all/

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I See The Message Beneath the Action In Ender’s Game

~ Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card Part II

Ender’s Game is a military science fiction novel by Orson Scott Card, first published in 1985. Although initially targeted at a young adult audience, I found the book rich with philosophical themes that merit deeper exploration. There was so much to discuss that I split my analysis into two parts. If you’re unfamiliar with the story, I recommend reading the first part of my blog, where I cover the plot.

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In the first part, I focused on Ender’s moral conflicts, leadership dynamics, and their impact on him. In this blog, I want to delve into the moral fabric of the society depicted in the book, the critical decisions made by humanity, and Ender’s deep compassion for the buggers, which drives his quest for redemption as he seeks to undo the harm he caused.

Humanity’s Desperate Gamble

The Earth was attacked by the buggers long ago, with the last victory against them achieved by Mazer Rackham in a battle that took place 70 years prior. No adult since then had been able to outmaneuver the buggers. As humanity prepared for the third and possibly final confrontation, they realized they needed someone who could think differently—someone who could finish the buggers once and for all. Shockingly, they decided that this someone had to be a child. From our perspective, this seems both horrifying and insane, but humanity was desperate to survive the impending bugger invasion.

Ender’s strategic brilliance reminded me of Hannibal during the Second Punic War. Under challenging conditions, Hannibal devised innovative tactics to defeat the Roman forces by marching through Spain, Gaul, and across the Alps with elephants—strategies that caught the Romans entirely off guard (Britannica, n.d.). Hannibal’s success was fueled by his deep understanding of Roman tactics and his desire for revenge, leading him to create entirely new approaches to warfare. Similarly, Ender’s creativity and unconventional thinking were crucial in developing new strategies against the buggers. While I’ve never found the original study by George Land often cited to suggest that children are more creative than adults, I must admit that children’s imagination can sometimes be astonishing. If Hannibal’s “surprise” tactics were effective, perhaps a child’s imaginative approach could similarly work in battle.

Graff likely saw someone who could be easily manipulated to accomplish the adults’ objectives in Ender. The battle training was introduced to the children as a game, like playing soccer, and combat exercises were presented to Ender as a computer simulation. This approach was a deliberate attempt by the adults to desensitize the children, blurring the lines between real war and games.

Ultimately, using children as tools in the war against the buggers was successful. However, this method raises significant ethical questions about the societal values depicted in the world of this book. It reveals deep moral compromises made to ensure human survival, leaving us to ponder the actual cost of such decisions.

The Critical Decision Made by Humanity

While it’s true that the buggers initiated the conflict by attacking humanity, I believe there are two primary reasons why humans ultimately decided to exterminate them: xenophobia and misunderstanding.

The buggers are fundamentally different from humans. They resemble ants despite having evolved beyond an exoskeleton. This stark difference triggers a common human tendency to discriminate against or dehumanize those who are not like us. The concept of the “Other” often emerges in such scenarios—a behavior known as xenophobia. Derived from the Greek words meaning “fear of strangers,” xenophobia is a fear or distrust of those perceived as outsiders. According to Faulkner et al.(2004), xenophobia may be an evolved survival mechanism in humans, initially to avoid disease (as cited in Wagner, Ryan, 2017, Apr 1).

The entire narrative of Ender’s Game revolves around this conflict between humans and the buggers. The insect-like appearance of the buggers, combined with their perceived threat to human existence, led humanity to see them as “Others” that must be exterminated. Wagner suggests that when faced with those perceived as “strangers,” humans often dehumanize them, leading to justifications for extreme actions like extermination (Wagner, 2017, Apr 1).

Humanity’s response to the buggers was driven by xenophobia, primarily due to their alien physiology. However, when Ender later encounters the bugger queen, he learns that the conflict is rooted in a tragic misunderstanding. The buggers, upon first contact, did not intend to kill humans; they simply didn’t realize that another sentient species existed in the universe. The queen emphasizes this by saying, “We are like you,” which reflects the parallel between Ender’s actions—exterminating the buggers without understanding what he was doing.

If the buggers had appeared more human-like, would humanity have chosen to eradicate them? It’s a question we can’t definitively answer. Perhaps if there had been some form of communication possible—despite the buggers’ telepathic abilities—humans might have sought a different path. Yet, the story suggests that humanity has a broader tendency to react with violence when confronted with the unknown, especially when those they face are so different that their extermination seems justified in human eyes.

Ender’s Connection with the Buggers

Ender saw a reflection of himself in the buggers. Just as the buggers were destined to remain permanent “others” in the eyes of humanity, Ender had always been an “other” in his own world. As the third child, he was an outcast from birth. His brother Peter, who often tormented him, always made Ender play the role of the buggers in their game of “buggers and astronauts.” In this game, the buggers could never win against the astronauts, reinforcing Ender’s role as the perpetual outsider. Even when Valentine tries to intervene and suggest that Ender play the astronaut, Peter ignores her. Ender was always cast on the side of the buggers.

At school, Ender was dehumanized by his classmate Stilson simply because he was a third, seen as less than human. Later, Ender unwittingly caused the deaths of others, mirroring the buggers’ tragic actions. When the buggers finally communicated with him, Ender understood their grief and guilt, recognizing a parallel to his own experiences.

From the moment Ender arrived at the I.F. academy, he was strategically isolated from the other students and his family to shape him into a general that adults could more easily control. This isolation, compounded by the loneliness of his childhood, fostered a deep empathy within Ender. He knew all too well what it meant to be different, which may have made it easier for the buggers to reach out to him—though tragically, it was too late to prevent their destruction.

Ender’s profound compassion for the buggers, combined with the sense of betrayal he felt from the adults who manipulated him, drove him to seek redemption for what had been done to both him and the buggers. Now, carrying the queen’s egg, he searches for a new planet where the buggers might live again, hoping to atone for the destruction he unknowingly caused.

I discovered Ender’s Game through the “Read These Banned Books” list published by the American Library Association. When I talked about reading this book, my co-worker, who is well-versed in science fiction, recommended it, assuring me it was an excellent read. I’m glad I took the time to explore it, as the novel is far more profound than I initially anticipated and has given me much to ponder.

At first, I struggled to grasp what the author was trying to convey beyond the surface of military science fiction and action. However, after nearly three weeks of analysis, I realized that the book critiques humanity’s tendency to dehumanize those we consider “Others.” It also highlights how we often justify our terrible deeds for survival or righteousness. Strangely, it reminded me of the long conflict between Rome and Carthage and how the legendary poet Virgil wrote The Aeneid to justify Rome’s actions—a reflection of how humans craft narratives to make sense of our choices and consequences.

I heard the sequel books are equally good as the first one. I will definitely read the sequel.

References

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, June 27). Second Punic War. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Punic-War

Wagner, Ryan T. (2017). The Significant Influencing Factors of Xenophobia [Documents]. Digital Commons @ Olivet; Olivet Scholarship. Olivet Nazarene University. https://jstor.org/stable/community.37867572

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When A Child Manipulated Into Be A Great General

Book Analysis: Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card

Plot Summary

Ender’s Game is a military science fiction novel by Orson Scott Card, first published in 1985. Although it was initially aimed at a young adult audience, the book delves into profound philosophical themes, making it intriguing on many levels.

Card sets the story in a future where Earth has recently recovered from a global conflict resolved by the Warsaw Pact, likely due to a prominent external threat: an alien species known as the “buggers.” Faced with the menace of another invasion, Earth’s governments enforce strict population control policies, allowing families to have only two children. However, Ender Wiggin is a rare third child, conceived at the government’s request but still seen by society as an outcast.

Ender’s older brother, Peter, is cruel and torments him, while at school, Ender is bullied by a classmate named Stilson. Both Peter and Stilson view Ender as an “other,” a misfit much like the buggers themselves. Ender finds solace only in his relationship with his sister, Valentine, whom he trusts and loves deeply.

Determined to stop Stilson’s bullying once and for all, Ender fights back, unintentionally causing Stilson severe harm. This incident leads to Ender’s recruitment into the International Fleet (I.F.) military school, where he is groomed to become a commander. At the academy, Ender is deliberately isolated from his peers to cultivate his strategic brilliance. Despite the immense pressure and rapid promotions, Ender struggles with his growing leadership role, haunted by the fear that he may become as ruthless as Peter.

Ender’s time at the academy is fraught with challenges, including a life-threatening encounter with another student, Bonzo, who despises him. When Bonzo attempts to kill him, Ender fatally defends himself, further cementing his role as a leader. Eventually, Ender is put in charge of a final simulation game, leading his classmates to what they believe is a victory in a training exercise. However, Ender soon learns that this “simulation” is real, and he has unwittingly brought about the near-destruction of the bugger species.

Stricken with guilt and compassion for the buggers, Ender embarks on a quest for redemption. He discovers a surviving bugger queen in the form of an egg and carries it with him, determined to find a new home where the buggers can thrive once again. This mission becomes Ender’s way of atoning for the destruction he caused as he seeks to restore the life he once unwittingly obliterated.

When I first read this book, I was amazed by how closely the technologies in the novel mirror our own. What truly captivated me were the profound philosophical themes that add depth and complexity to the story. There was so much to explore and discuss that I found it challenging to narrow down my thoughts. 

To make it more manageable, I decided to divide my analysis into two parts. In this first part, I’ll focus on the moral conflicts, leadership dynamics, and their impact on Ender. In the second part, I’ll delve into the moral fabric of the society depicted in the novel, the critical decisions made by humanity, Ender’s deep compassion for the buggers, and his quest for redemption by seeking to save them.

Moral Conflicts as a Leader

As Colonel Graff of the I.F. anticipated, Ender became an exceptional leader. His strategic brilliance ensured that his team never lost in the battle games. He reminds me of historical figures like Bismarck and Hannibal—master tacticians who also knew how to inspire those around them. Ender wasn’t just a brilliant strategist but an effective teacher, patiently guiding his subordinates and providing them with the needed explanations. His presence as a commander was so strong that even his friends treated him with a newfound respect.

Ender’s leadership style contrasts sharply with his siblings, who, despite being equally intelligent, never made it to the I.F. academy. Peter leads through manipulation and fear, viewing the world as a game to be conquered, using any means necessary to achieve his goals, including manipulating his siblings as pawns. On the other hand, Valentine believes in leading through love and cooperation, striving to create a better society. She recognizes the darker aspects of power and subtly uses her intellect and influence to guide others, ensuring Peter’s ambitions are kept in check.

Ender wrestled with the weight of leadership because he understood that his decisions could have far-reaching consequences. Ender faced numerous moral dilemmas, such as manipulating Bean into a better leader. He grappled with the knowledge that while his decisions were effective, they sometimes caused harm to others. One example is when he sought to eliminate distractions during practice, hurting several students.

Each time his decisions cause someone to get hurt, Ender grows more fearful of becoming like his cruel brother, Peter. This fear drove him to distance himself from others, seeking solace in the fantasy game to cope with the moral burdens of leadership.

Tactical Isolation to Become a Great Leader

Graff deliberately isolated Ender from his family to mold him into a great leader. This separation profoundly impacted Ender, thrusting him into an entirely different environment with immense pressure to succeed. Despite facing numerous moral dilemmas, Ender had no one to turn to for comfort.

He was also isolated from his peers. From the first day at the military school, he was treated special, which led to resentment and hatred from the other students. Ender had no choice but to prove his worth. Still, he was further isolated through promotions whenever he began to form connections with his peers.

This isolation was a calculated decision by the adults at the I.F. Academy, designed to shape Ender into a brilliant general like Alexander the Great or Napoleon. They believed that forming close relationships would stifle his creativity as a strategic leader. By keeping him isolated, they ensured that Ender would have no one to rely on except for the academy’s authority figures. They justified this approach by claiming it was necessary for the survival of humanity, even at the cost of Ender’s childhood, innocence, and sanity.

From a young age, Ender understood what it meant to be an “Other,” as he was always “the third,” an outcast in society. However, his isolation from his sister, Valentine, deeply wounded him. He missed her intensely, and without her support, Ender sought refuge in a fantasy game. This game became his escape from the harsh realities he faced. Still, it also heightened his fear of becoming like his ruthless brother, Peter. The isolation intensified his struggle to resist his darker impulses.

Ender’s isolation was a deliberate tactic. He was forced to grow up quickly under immense pressure to become a great leader. This tactical isolation stripped Ender of his innocence and childhood, shaping him into a powerful weapon for the I.F. However, it ultimately led to his breakdown and a lifelong quest for redemption, especially when he discovered that he had nearly destroyed an entire species without realizing it.

Conclusion

When I first picked up this novel, several of my co-workers, who are also avid readers, assured me it was worth my time. While we can learn valuable lessons from almost any book, Ender’s Game left me contemplating far more than I expected.

Though set in a science fiction world, the novel touches on authentic and profound themes. I couldn’t help but think about young children in our world who are thrust into roles that serve adult ambitions, often at the cost of their childhood and innocence. Fame and money often camouflage their psychological impacts. Ender’s journey highlights the heavy toll that leadership and responsibility can take, especially when those burdens are imposed at a young age. The tactical isolation, moral conflicts, and immense pressures that Ender faced resonate deeply, making us question the ethical implications of shaping someone into a weapon for the sake of the greater good.

In the next blog, I will explore the broader societal context within the book, the critical decisions made by humanity, Ender’s deep compassion for the buggers, and his quest for redemption as he seeks to find a new home for the species he nearly destroyed. These themes further enrich the narrative and offer much to reflect on regarding leadership, morality, and the cost of survival.

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Good Leadership and Community Are Important To Survive

August 4, 2024

As part of the 100 Banned Books Project, I recently explored the first ten volumes of “The Walking Dead” graphic novel series—a new territory for me, given my limited exposure to graphic novels despite growing up where manga is ubiquitous. Opting to read a horror series was a leap out of my comfort zone, especially since I hadn’t watched the TV adaptation. My reactions and insights are entirely based on the impactful storytelling from 10 volumes of the graphic novels I’ve read. I encountered within these pages—yes, they were pretty intense and, at times, frightening.

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Overall, “The Walking Dead” adheres to the classic science fiction narrative arc: a catastrophic disaster strikes, a leader or hero rises, and a tyrant emerges, further complicating the survivors’ quest for a resolution.

Since I’ve read only the first ten volumes, I could not see whether Rick or anyone else reached a clear resolution to the zombie apocalypse that was ever delineated. They did not even know why they were turning into zombies.

The first ten volumes’ underlying themes of leadership, community, and symbolism struck a deeper chord with me. These themes propel the plot and mirror the vast spectrum of human experiences and historical challenges.

In this blog post, I will delve into these themes, examining how they unfold in the harsh yet enlightening world of “The Walking Dead” and sharing my reflections on their broader implications on our understanding of society and survival.

Leadership in The Walking Dead

The concept of leadership in The Walking Dead graphic novels is dynamic and evolving. It initially mirrors the intense, life-and-death decisions often seen in military settings rather than those typical of a business environment.

This notion of leadership echoes historical instances where strong leadership was crucial during times of disaster. For example, records from ancient civilizations like the Greeks and Romans show leaders stepping up in times of crisis. In his 2012 paper, Hughes cites how Emperor Nero provided for his people following the great fire of Rome. Similarly, leadership was pivotal when Mount Vesuvius erupted 15 years later, with leaders managing crisis responses that likely saved many lives.

Early in the series, leadership is embodied by law enforcement figures like Shane and Rick. However, as the story progresses, this leadership structure evolves into a co-leadership model, adding depth and intrigue to the narrative.

They eventually encounter different leadership styles, exemplified by the governor of Woodbury, who lacks moral integrity despite his effectiveness against zombies. His actions precipitate his downfall, leading to his death at the hands of one of his people after he kills Lori and her daughter, Judith.

This part of the story emphasizes that effective leadership involves more than quick decision-making for survival; it necessitates a moral compass and the capacity to inspire and uphold trust among people. In light of this, Emperor Nero is not celebrated as a hero who rescued people in the disaster; instead, he is remembered as one of the harsh leaders. This graphic novel illustrates the intricate nature of leading in a post-apocalyptic world.

The Necessity of Community

Growing up in a country frequently affected by natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes, I learned early on the importance of a strong community during crises. Reading “The Walking Dead” further deepened my understanding, as the characters’ survival often depends on their ability to unite and support each other.

The graphic novels show small communities, like the one formed by Rick and Lori, where everyone relies on mutual aid to get by. They highlight how, in dire need, the best assistance often arises from small, cohesive groups. Then, even a well-prepared individual will need help in the long run. For instance, Hershel Greene, who initially survives with just his family on their farm, is ultimately compelled to join the larger community after a tragic encounter with the zombies he harbored, killing his sons.

This theme reminded me of the community dynamics in N.K. Jemisin’s “Broken Earth” series. Although the plots differ, both stories reflect how communities react under stress differently—some by raiding or exploiting others and some by endeavoring to help those in distress.

Communities that uphold solid moral values tend to endure and thrive across generations. Disaster experiences profoundly affect our collective psyche, shaping how we respond to future calamities and enhancing our preparedness for them. On the flip side, self-centered actions can lead to isolation, especially when solidarity is vital in subsequent generations.

Humanity’s inherent inclination to support each other is evident in real-world responses to disasters, such as the international aid sent to Japan following severe earthquakes or the widespread assistance provided to Nashville after a major tornado in 2020 disrupted power for half a million households for an extended period. These acts of solidarity help communities recover and reinforce the essential human bond that emerges strong in the face of adversity.

Symbolism of Zombies and Survivors

In “The Walking Dead,” zombies symbolize the ubiquitous fears and disasters humanity faces. At the same time, the survivors represent those who overcome these challenges.

This motif resonates with ancient beliefs in many cultures, where disasters were often attributed to supernatural forces. In Japan, for instance, natural calamities were sometimes thought to result from angered mystical entities. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed that gods often brought disasters as punishment.

The survivors in the graphic novels, much like communities facing real-world disasters, embody resilience and hope—a testament to human endurance and solidarity across different eras and cultures.

Conclusion

Every story, no matter its genre or setting, holds valuable lessons if we approach it with the right mindset. “The Walking Dead” is more than just a series about surviving a zombie apocalypse; it offers a profound exploration of leadership and community that is highly relevant to our real-world experiences. By depicting a post-apocalyptic world where the stakes are life and death, the series not only tests the resilience of the human spirit but also simulates disaster scenarios that push us to consider our responses to extreme adversity.

The graphic novels have prompted me to reflect on the qualities that define authentic leadership and the importance of community during crises. They underscore the idea that in times of dire need, the strength of our communal bonds can make the difference between survival and collapse.

As someone coming from Japan—a country awaiting a significant overdue earthquake—these stories oddly provide a sense of hope. They remind me that resilience, deeply ingrained in our

consciousness, can help us navigate and potentially overcome even the most catastrophic events. “The Walking Dead” reassures us that despite the horrors we might face, our capacity for cooperation and leadership can lead us through the darkest times.

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Why We Must Listen to Youths in Need

This banned book, “Trick,” written by Ellen Hopkins, led me to discover another unpleasant issue: many teens are put into a spot where they run away and are kicked out of their homes.

“Trick” is a novel written in verse about the stories of five teenagers from different backgrounds. Each teenager faces struggles with their unique problems and circumstances that lead them into the world of prostitution to survive in the harsh environment.

Teens – generated via NightCafe

What disturbed me the most was that some adults were well aware of their situations, willingly exploiting these teenagers who desperately needed their help. The stories are all sad. The stories were discussed and horrifying. If you go to the National Runaway Safeline forums, you can read many teen postings.

We are consumed with our lives and oblivious to something about our society. No, we may intentionally ignore them because these issues seem unsettling. In verse, Hopkins tried to portray these tragic, scary, and alarming stories. Her message is crisp and clear—hey, adults, pay attention!

There Are So Many Runaway Adolescents In The U.S.

I was surprised to find out how many runaway adolescents there are in the United States. Around 1.7 million young people run away or are expelled every year. In 2021, there will be about 43 million people aged between 10 and 19, approximately 4% of our teens. If you include non-registered residents in the United States, the number shoots up even higher.

The demographic of runaway adolescents can vary widely – which means there are runaway adolescents in any demographic. However, there are more runaway adolescents in specific demographics, such as lower income, race, and social identities.

Income

The lowest-income group has the highest percentage of runaway adolescents. According to reports from ASPE, 21% of runaways come from lower-income families, 16% from middle-income families, and 12% from upper-income family groups (ASPE, 2007).

Ethnicity

Runaway adolescents come from all ethnicities. According to NRS (2018), the percentage of blacks or African Americans (23%) or Hispanics or Latinos (18%) is much higher (NRS-2018). There is a distribution of runaway adolescents. However, the interpretation of the statistics needs to be evaluated more carefully as the population composition for each ethnic group is different.

Social Identity

LGBTQ+ youth represented a high % of homeless youth despite they represent only 5 to 10% of the youth population. According to the National Network for Youth, 20 to 40% of homeless youth identify as LGBTQ+ (Kovalick, 2024, July 15). They face multiple challenges, such as family rejection, discrimination, safety and health risks, and social stigma.

How to Protect These Vonulable Youth

It is reported that one-third of these runaway teens end up in some form of sexual trade within 48 hours of leaving their homes (Runaway Homeless Youth Statistics, nd). Some organizations include the National Runaway Safeline (NRS) and the National Network for Youth (NN4Y).

Lack of Trust and Fear of Authorities

I realized there is something in common with those teens. Those teens have experienced some types of abuse, neglect, or other issues. For example, Whitney is a typical example of neglect. So, instead of seeking adult help, they decide to stay or be trapped in horrible situations.

Legal Limitation Around Assisting Teen Runaway

Legal limitations exist around assisting teen runaways, making it a complex problem. We have legal frameworks to protect minors, who should be under the supervision of responsible adults. When their guardians abuse them, legal limitations can prevent us from providing immediate and appropriate assistance.

These Teens Fre Facing A High Risk of Exploration

There is an adult who exploits these teens since they are vulnerable. They don’t trust adults, and they fear authorities. So, it will be difficult for these teens to seek adult assistance. That made them easy targets as they are vulnerable. In Whitney’s case, Bryn exploited Eden. In Eden’s Case, even a man in the correction house tried to manipulate her.

Substance Abuse Issues & Other Mental disorders

Some teens have problems with substance abuse. Research indicated that 60.5% of the runaways experienced either alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, or drug abuse (Johnson, Whitbeck, and Hoyt, 2005)

What Can We Do?

Frankly, this book was harrowing to read. It provoked me to realize how oblivious I was to the issue. It was not because I did not know those issues existed. Those issues you watched on TV shows over two decades ago in the past were fiction in my head. I was too busy with my life and did not even take time to check to see. I am not even sure if I did not do this project of researching banned books; I’ve even investigated further, even when I read these books, and this greatly disturbed me.

I am still trying to figure out how I can help them. I can donate some money, and it will help the organizations. The more I researched these issues, the more I understood how complex these issues are. There are so many issues we need to discuss if we want to help them, such as having enough infrastructure and legal protection against them, especially if they live in conditions where the abusers are their guardians. I can’t stop thinking that we will never be able to remove the root of these issues.

Yeah, there are between 1.7 million teens who report away yearly. And they are in great danger of being exploited by adults in the United States. So, the author says this at the end of her book. If you see them, call the hotline. It’s important. Please ensure some adults listen to them and explain why they are on the street. It may be their guardians who were the source of the problems.

Please Reached Out to The Following Organization If You See Youth In Trouble

National Runaway Safeline (1-800-RUNAWAY)

Contact

Want to Read Other Posting about Banned Books? Click Here.

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‘Of Mice and Men’ Made Me think about Mental Illness

Introduction

In this blog, I discuss a sticky social issue we are still trying to figure out by delving into John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck drew inspiration from Robert Burns’ poem “To a Mouse” to write this novel—the novel centers on two migrant workers navigating California during the Great Depression. Lennie, one of the workers, is disabled and possesses the mental capacity of a young child.

George and Lennie – generated by NightCafe

Due to its themes of violence and profanity, “Of Mice and Men” has frequently contested the position of the top 100 banned books list in the United States for decades.

I am introducing this book as one of the banned books, but it was once a staple of the high school English curriculum—my husband included. This novel explains many literary tools and discusses social issues. My husband suggested that I read this novel parallel to a poem written by Robert Burns for a deeper understanding.

This novel is profoundly saddening. It moved me to tears when I read this novel the first time; if asked whether I liked it, I’d lean towards no, but I still recognize its significant literary value. Steinbeck tackles the uncomfortable social issues of how society treated mentally challenged people during that era.

Plot Summary of Of Mice and Men

The protagonists, George Milton and Lennie Small, are itinerant farmworkers in California. George is practical and intelligent, while Lennie is physically strong but mentally challenged. Lennie is a good worker but needs to be faster to understand things. Lennie has a penchant for soft and pretty things and loves touching them. When Lennie gets panicked or afraid, he has the habit of grabbing. Unfortunately, Lennie does not understand his strength, so he halts and breaks whatever he holds onto—which has caused trouble in the past.

They struggled to maintain one job for an extended period, possibly due to the Great Depression. Still, Lennie’s problematic behaviors added to the difficulty. George looked after Lennie, nurturing their shared dream of owning a 10-acre farm where Lennie hopes to raise rabbits.

Their dream almost becomes reality through a deal with Candy, another worker who proposes they buy a farm together. However, the plan unravels after Lennie accidentally kills Curley’s wife in a moment of panic—Curley is the jealous and aggressive farm owner. In a tragic turn, George decides to end Lennie’s life mercifully to spare him from Curley’s wrath, reminiscent of how Candy’s old dog was euthanized.

The History of Criminalizing Mental Illness

In the United States, individuals with behavioral issues were often forcibly placed into Insane Asylums. The asylum was constructed in the late 1800s and became overcrowded by the 1930s (Colorado College, 2016, para. 2-3).

Most patients had not committed any crimes; it was a preemptive measure. Some who had committed crimes may have been sent to asylums. Most of them ended up in a cell on death row. Back then, protections like the 8th Amendment did not apply, and many more individuals could be executed for their perceived crimes, as seen in early 20th-century cases.

I was digging into some of the old cases from the Early 1900s, such as Ed Hager’s 1909 case or Cruz Romero’s 1929 case (Colorado College, 2016, para. 13-14), which are great examples. From what I can see from the record, they should have been admitted to an institution instead of admitted into cells on death row.

No Interpretation of Mental Illness Until the ’50s

Despite evident mental incapacities, diagnoses of sanity persisted until the mid-20th century. For instance, the inability to recognize the insanity in individuals like Ed Hager and Cruz Romero highlights a lack of understanding of mental health issues until significant changes in 1952 (Colorado College, 2016, para. 5). Lennie’s character brings to mind these historical injustices, showing no comprehension of his actions yet dreaming of future rabbits.

Intellectual Disability and Punishment

The U.S. has come a long way. Awareness of mental health issues has improved, and the Constitution now forbids cruel punishments, as stated in our 8th Amendment, “… nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted”, including the execution of those with intellectual disabilities, as affirmed by the Atkins v. Virginia case (Atkins v. Virginia, n.d.).

Killing for Compassion – Did George Commit Mercy Killing or Murder?

The end of the story leads us to a complex question: Did George commit mercy killing or murder? Before delving into this, it’s worth noting the plot of Burns’ “To a Mouse.” The poem discusses life’s unpredictability for both humans and animals, illustrated by the accidental destruction of a mouse’s nest. Humans will remember the tragedy as a bad memory and fear for the future. On the other hand, animals cannot. Just as the mouse is unaware of its bleak future, Lennie is unaware of the imminent threat from Curley and his men, nor are any criminal charges imposed upon him. George’s act can thus be seen as one of compassion, sparing Lennie from a future he couldn’t grasp, much like the speaker’s pity for the mouse.

Since the story ends here, we would not know what happened to George after this incident. He may be charged with the murder of Goerge.

Conclusion

I learned critical moral lessons from this book: Exploring “Of Mice and Men” alongside historical perspectives on mental illness. I realized that anyone can experience unexpected tragedy and the cruelty of fate. Moreover, I learned the importance of having empathy, regardless of our status or significance.

Additionally, exploring the poignant verses of Robert Burns’s “To a Mouse” enriches our understanding of George and Lennie’s tragic story. While the novel leaves us with heavy hearts, it also invites reflection on broader societal issues—mainly how we treat the most vulnerable.

Steinbeck’s narrative is a tale of friendship and shattered dreams and a timeless reminder of the importance of empathy and the complexities surrounding moral decisions. As we close this discussion, let me carry forward the lessons learned from George and Lennie’s journey, recognizing the profound impact of literature in echoing the call for humanity and compassion in our ongoing dialogue about mental health and justice.

Do you want to read Other Posts like this? Click this link. Read These Banned Books

References

Atkins v. Virginia. (n.d.). Oyez. Retrieved July 10, 2024, from https://www.oyez.org/cases/2001/00-8452 Colorado College. (2016, June 28).

Criminalization of Mental Illness. Past, Present, Prison. https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/hip/mentally-ill-and-the-penal-system/

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Empathy and Community Support Can Potentially Prevent Adolescent Violence

Living in the United States, one inevitably encounters news of school shootings. One of the most recent tragic events I can recall was the shooting at Covenant School in Green Hills, Nashville, Tennessee, which resulted in six deaths. These incidents are deeply unsettling. Schools are supposed to be safe havens where students and teachers return home safely each day. Yet, on March 27, 2023, this expectation was shattered for many.

Statistics reveal the alarming frequency of school shootings in the United States, especially after the pandemic. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (September 2023), between 2000 and 2021, there were 108 homicides and 168 injuries caused by 47 active shooters in schools. In the 2019-2020 school year alone, there were 25 school-related deaths, including 23 homicides and one suicide.

Isolated – generated by NightCafe

Why did I open this blog by discussing these uncomfortable statistics? Reading “Nineteen Minutes” by Jodi Picoult prompted me to delve deeper into this issue. The novel built upon a layer of a school shooting from various perspectives, challenging my preconceived notions about shooters simply being evil and deserving punishment. It compelled me to confront the complex underlying issues contributing to such tragedies. Then, the thought makes me wonder if there are any ways to prevent school shootings.

Jodi Picoult’s powerful novel “19 Minutes” is a story about a devastating school shooting perpetrated by a high school student, Peter Hungton. In a harrowing nineteen-minute span, Peter takes the lives of ten people and injures nine others, leaving an indelible scar on the entire community in the rural town of Stealing City in New Hampshire.

When a detective first enters the school locker rooms. He found two bodies, Matt Royston’s, a famous athlete, and his girlfriend, Josie Cormier’s. Their bodies were found together in the locker room covered by blood. Matt was shot twice, while Josie finds herself amidst the chaos, covered in blood, though physically almost unharmed.

Jodie, once Peter’s childhood friend, drifted away to join the school’s elite, leaving Peter alone. Not only did she leave Peter, but she started dating one of Peter’s bullies, Matt Roystone. No matter how much Jodie tried to forget her old self, she found herself sandwiched between the self-image of the school elite and the rest. While balancing life at the school site and the past life with Peter, Josie grapples with conflicting emotions toward Peter and Matt.

Alex Cormier, Josie’s mother and a judge, faces dual challenges as a single parent and a professional handling the legal aftermath of the tragedy. Her daughter has no memory of the shooting and closed up her mind toward her mothers. Alex feels that she failed to be a good mother.

The narrative unfolds through multiple viewpoints, including Peter’s troubled perspective, Josie’s internal struggle, Alex’s ethical dilemmas, and the perspectives of key figures like detective Patrick Ducharme and defense attorney Jordan McAfee. While delving into the perspectives of many in this book, I realized that the issue is more complex than it seemed.

Instinctively, Detective Patric sensed the key to solving this case was to solve one of the puzzles about why Josie was not hurt at all. Yet, there is no way to find out from Josie since she seems to block out the memory of the shooting.

As the trial unfolds, Picoult skillfully exposes the layers of bullying and social ostracism that plagued Peter’s school life, largely unchecked by adults and peers alike. The novel delves deeply into societal issues, questioning the support systems and the lack of prevention of such catastrophic events.

Bullying and Its Impact on Adolescent Shooters

Is what this novel said true? I had to investigate the profile of the shooter. I found out that the majority of the active shooters at education centers are teenagers. Then, I found something disturbing. Many seem to have something in common. Research into the profiles of shooters reveals a common trait among many: 80% of them have experienced bullying, with 57% enduring bullying episodes lasting more than a week (Merod & Arundel, 2024).

These shooters often cite their experiences of being bullied as a pivotal factor in their actions. For instance, the shooter at Watson High School blamed bullies, teachers, social services, and the school for not intervening during his ordeal (Kowalski, March 29, 2023). Similarly, the shooter at Madison High School expressed feelings of being ostracized and unsupported, even by his own mother (para. 3).

Adolescents, Bullying, and Gun Carrying

Adolescents’ brains are a little different from that of adults. Neurologically, adolescents are still developing their frontal lobes, which can lead to a higher tolerance for risky decisions and impulsive actions based on uncertainty (Hartley & Somerville, 2015).

When horrible bullying occurs to adolescents without any intervention, one day, some will pick a gun to end their atrocious life at school. Adolescents who have been bullied have a 49% higher chance of carrying a gun compared to those who have not been bullied (Merod & Arundel, January 10, 2024). These neurological factors can contribute to adolescents’ responses to bullying and their access to firearms.

In “19 Minutes,” a poignant insight from a psychology expert highlights how a single incident of bullying in childhood can be as traumatic over time as a single instance of sexual abuse. Those horrible experiences are often blocked out from their memory; however, the rest will remember and scur them for life. Others may dismiss these experiences as minor parts of school life, while these experiences profoundly impact individuals like Peter.

A Call for Understanding and Support

Data indicates that the number of school shooting incidents has been increasing since the start of the pandemic. Psychologists hypothesize that people are missing out on face-to-face social interactions due to the restrictions placed on them. As a result, troubled adolescents may be experiencing even greater social isolation than before the pandemic. When I discovered this, I started to see why psychologists see people, and support could be the key to stopping tragedies.

There are similarities in characters between Hanna, from 13 Reasons Why, and Peter, from 19 Minutes. Both are crying for acknowledgment that they are loved by someone. However, their cries for help were unheard or insufficiently supported, leading to tragic outcomes that blur the lines between self-harm and violence against others. There are fine lines between them.

I checked to see if the case prevented school shootings and then came across Aaron Stark’s TED Talk. Aaron Stark (Stark, 2018) described his troubled adolescence as feeling like an outcast and unloved. Stark talked about his past experience of almost causing a school shooting. Stark felt like he had been outcasted and neglected by his parents. This horrible life must be stopped. He got a gun for a specific mission to harm others and himself. Then, he was stopped by a friend. His story underscores the critical importance of reaching out to troubled adolescents and providing them with support and intervention before it’s too late.

Conclusion: Understanding the Impact of Bullying

“19 Minutes” provides a poignant exploration of school bullying. It challenges readers to confront uncomfortable questions about culpability and the societal pressures young people face. The novel explores the boundaries of empathy and justice, urging a deeper consideration of what it means to be an outsider and the devastating outcomes when a community fails to nurture and protect all its members. Through its richly drawn characters and emotionally charged plot, “19 Minutes” asks a fundamental question: Can we truly judge Peter without first examining the world that shaped him?

As I navigate these sensitive issues, it becomes evident that proactive measures and empathetic responses are crucial in shaping a safer and more supportive environment for all adolescents. There is an urgent need for support and understanding for troubled youth. By fostering empathy and addressing the root causes of bullying and isolation, we can work towards preventing future tragedies and nurturing healthier communities. This book made me think about the importance of early intervention and community support in preventing tragedies.

Read more posts like this. Read These Banned Books

References

Hartley, C. A., & Somerville, L. H. (2015). The neuroscience of adolescent decision-making. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 5, 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.09.004

Kowalski, R. (n.d.). School Shootings in America | Psychology Today. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-social-psyche/202303/school-shootings-in-america

Merod, A., & Arundel, K. (2024, January 10). Bullying is linked to school shootings. What do schools need to know? K-12 Dive. https://www.k12dive.com/news/bullying-school-shootings-prevention/704206/

National Center for Education Statistics. (September, 2023).  Violent Deaths at School and Away From School, School Shootings, and Active Shooter Incidents (Annual Reports and Information Staff). [Annual Reports]. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/a01

Stark, A. (2018, June). Aaron Stark: I was almost a school shooter | Aaron Stark | TEDxBoulder | TED Talk [TED]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/aaron_stark_i_was_almost_a_school_shooter/transcript

Tags: bullying, adolescent violence, empathy, community support, school shootings

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Living on the Edge: A Firsthand Look at Minimum Wage Struggles in America

Nearly 38 million Americans suffer from Poverty in the United States. You will only understand what it is to be in it if you have lived in poverty. So, an American journalist, Barbara Ehrenreich, embarks on a unique investigative journey to experience the realities of living on a minimum wage in America. This insightful exploration, derived from her firsthand experiences working in various low-wage jobs across multiple states, sheds light on the daily struggles of millions of Americans.

Ehrenreich’s journey began when she left her full-time job as a journalist to delve into the lives of the working poor. She traveled to Florida, Maine, and Minnesota, taking on roles as a waitress, hotel cleaner, house cleaner, nursing care aide, and Wal-Mart sales clerk. Often, she found herself juggling more than one job simultaneously to make ends meet. No matter how much she spent budgeting her expenses, she lived paycheck to paycheck. She experienced a stark portrayal of the challenges faced by those earning minimum wage. Yet, she saw how important it was to note the resilience and determination of these workers, who continue to strive despite their odds, inspiring us with their unwavering spirit.

Through her varied job experiences, Ehrenreich discovered that no job is truly “unskilled.” Each position required mastering new tools, learning specific terminology, and understanding distinct operational procedures. Her coworkers and supervisors heavily influenced the quality of her work life, as they taught her the essential skills to do her jobs right or even get better schedules. Moreover, she realized that performing too well could paradoxically lead to increased expectations, potentially raising the bar for others in similar positions.

One of the most striking aspects of Ehrenreich’s narrative is her struggle with mobility and living conditions. Despite owning a car, the costs associated with commuting limited her options. If you try to live near the work to avoid owning a car, you now limit where you live. Even public transportation can be costly. In Nashville, for example, a ticket for 2 hours bus ride costs $2. You will likely spend over 1 hour of wages for transport if you have multiple jobs.

She often found herself in substandard living situations without basic amenities like air conditioning, relying on non-perishable—and frequently unhealthy—food options due to financial constraints. Her experiences highlight a critical issue: even with full-time employment, many Americans struggle to afford basic necessities, including medical insurance. These are not just statistics but real people with real struggles, and it’s crucial to remember that.

Drawing from personal experiences, I never faced the harsh realities of minimum wage labor during my formative years. My seasonal job as a lifeguard during university, which paid double the minimum wage, combined with the security of living with my parents or relatives, shielded me from the financial instabilities faced by many others. As I became an adult, I started meeting other people. This contrast became even more apparent as I encountered stories from individuals struggling with healthcare costs and living below the poverty line.

There are a few things I can do. I can do besides donating toys or food at the foodbank to use my skills in tax preparation. Through volunteer work as a tax preparer for low-income families in Tennessee, I gained further insight into the economic hardships many face. Many spoke to me about their hardships while preparing their taxes. I had to stop doing the tax preparation volunteer since the pandemic. The cessation of this activity due to the pandemic, considering my high-risk spouse, was regrettable but necessary.

Now, we look into the actual statistics. How many Americans are actually in poverty? The 2022 U.S. Census revealed an 11% national poverty rate, translating to 37.9 million people living in poverty (Bureau, n.d.), with local figures in Davidson County, TN, slightly higher.

I know there are some assistant programs. Tax preparation services are one of them. Despite the existence of assistance programs, many still need to be insured and burdened by rising living costs. The static federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour, the same as Tennessee’s minimum wage,  contrasts sharply with the escalating cost of living, exemplified by the near doubling of housing prices in Nashville since 2018. To consider access to the works, you must balance the higher and lower rent with the commute. You are looking at approximately $750 for a studio or 1-bedroom apartment – only a few are available. You can try owning a car and living in a rural area. Even the cars used are costly, and the gas prices are much higher than when I first moved here in 2018.

Can you move out of poverty? Ehrenreich’s narrative and corroborative personal observations make clear the pervasive cycle of poverty. When you don’t have enough money, you eat the available foods. You live in a lot of stress—you will have a higher chance of getting health problems. If you have medical insurance, the situation will be good.

When my husband was ill due to his stroke, I spent time investigating our options. I thought we had saved for a few years with all the medical costs. I was worried that my husband would not get well. Those publications are usually offered in English, but not all Americans can read English. Not everyone had emergency funds saved up. I met a family who was crying during the long-term care. The father, who was around 40 years old, got a brain stroke. She had two young children. She did not speak good English, but their situation stressed her. I gave her the business card for social assistance programs where she could speak her language to get support.

In the United States, poverty is everywhere, but the southern states have a higher poverty rate. I could not conclude the reasons, but I suspected that it had something to do with the types of industries the states have, the types of available jobs, or the infrastructure, such as schools and hospitals. According to Scioto Analysis (September 19, 2023), the cost of living is a significant factor.

Wikipedia. (2021) List of U.S. states and territories by poverty rate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_poverty_rate

Can a government do something about it? Perhaps. It is not that easy as it is, though. I was trying to make sense of the data, so I corrected various data, such as the inflation rate, the Gini coefficient, etc. I even gathered the data from other countries, such as Canada, Japan, and the EU, where I lived in the past. Factors such as the Gini coefficient or inflation do not correlate straightforwardly with poverty levels, suggesting a complex interplay of socioeconomic factors. Surprisingly, the U.S. is doing better than Japan or EU countries. Since the U.S. has many people, we have many people in poverty.

Ehrenreich’s book provides a compelling look into the lives of the working poor, a condition exacerbated by inadequate wages and rising living costs. Her experiences underscore the urgent need for policy reform and support systems that address the roots of poverty and provide meaningful support to those in need. Now, I see how complicated that would be. We still need to advocate for changes that will allow more individuals to escape the cycle of poverty and achieve economic stability.

I’m glad I read this book, even though it was depressing. I should remember that this is the reality for nearly 38 million Americans. And this is the 3rd banned book I read.

References

Bureau, U. C. (n.d.). National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2024. Census.Gov. Retrieved June 18, 2024, from https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html

Scioto Analysis. (2023, September 19). Poverty in the States: 2022. https://www.sciotoanalysis.com/news/2023/9/19/poverty-in-the-states-2022

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Davidson County, Tennessee. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2024, from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/davidsoncountytennessee/RHI425222

Wikipedia. (n.d.) List of U.S. states and territories by poverty rate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_poverty_rate

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Exploring the Dystopian Depths of ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ by Margaret Atwood

The second book I selected from the banned book list was “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Margaret Atwood. This dystopian novel is set in a fictional future known as the Republic of Gilead. This society in this book, governed by a secretive religious regime adhering to strict Christian doctrines,  incorporates Biblical references, providing a basis for its ideologies. Atwood, who identifies as a Puritan, crafted this ominous world from a blend of personal experiences and historical atrocities, as discussed in her interview on Pod Save America (2023).

Upon first delving into the novel, I was immediately unsettled. The story portrays a totalitarian regime overtaking parts of the United States, stripping away freedoms, particularly from women who are reduced to mere possessions of men. The book describes a highly oppressed society. There is no freedom of expression. People in this society lived with fears. During her Pod Save America interview (2023), Atwood referenced her trips to Eastern Europe in the 1980s, explaining the passive acceptance of oppressive societies as a result of severe consequences for resistance, such as being shot (3:45 – 10:19).

The story’s protagonist, once a university-educated woman with a career and a family, is trapped in a dire situation following a crackdown on women’s rights. Imagine suddenly losing all access to your money and being banned from reading—parallels drawn to Ray Bradbury’s ‘Fahrenheit 451’. After being captured while attempting to flee to Canada, she faces a grim choice: become a handmaid or be condemned to die in colonies, a type of concentration camp. Upon choosing the former, she loses her identity and is renamed Offred, signifying her possession by a man named Fred. Her primary role is to become a concubine for a couple who could not have a child – this mirrors an ancient practice referenced in the Bible, where women like Rachel and Leah used their maids as surrogates (Genesis 29-30, 35). According to Barasso (2022, October 5), this type of marriage arrangement existed in ancient Mesopotamian marriage contracts.

The narrative explores the concept of Concubinage. The idea of the Concubinage system has been introduced previously. In our history, Concubinage was particularly prevalent in historical Asia such as Japan and China. They considered this type of arrangement to be less risky because children of concubines were often deemed illegitimate and devoid of inheritance rights unless explicitly permitted by the father (King’s College History Department, n.d.).

As the story progresses, we experience the harsh realities of Gilead through Offred’s perspective, which is marked by her incredible resilience and determination to survive. She encounters others who oppose the regime, forming risky alliances and emotional bonds, further complicating her precarious existence.

The novel’s climax remains ambiguous as Offred is taken away by the secret police, known as the Eyes, with only the reassurances of Nick, a sympathetic character, to suggest her removal might be part of a resistance effort known as May Day.

Atwood skillfully unfolds the narrative, allowing the reader to gradually comprehend Gilead’s oppressive nature through Offred’s descriptions and observations, such as “the shatterproof windows” of her bedroom, hinting at the extremes taken to prevent escaping through the last result of suicide. I found this writing style to be a clever choice by the author, as the story kept us in suspense.

The display of executed dissenters, stringent control measures, and pervasive surveillance echo the chilling atmospheres of other dystopian works like George Orwell’s “1984” and Bradbury’s “Fahrenheit 451”. The echoes of totalitarian regimes from history, such as the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which arose from dire social conditions in Russia, provide a somber reminder of how quickly societies can deteriorate under certain pressures (History, n.d.).

Atwood talks about how tough times can make people more open to religious and spiritual beliefs (Pod Save America, 2022). She points out that religious ideas feel more meaningful and powerful when people struggle. She also notes that many of us hold some form of religious or spiritual beliefs (10:45 – 15:52). According to surveys from the Pew Research Center, 88% of Americans believe in a god or some other higher power (Kallo, 2023). These beliefs could more easily influence people in difficult times.

Living in the United States, we’re lucky to have the First Amendment protect our freedoms. Yet, “The Handmaid’s Tale” makes us think about how fragile these rights can be during tough times, like during pandemics or economic troubles. It’s easy for politicians to use our fear and anger for their benefit. This book highlights how important it is for us to stay alert and maintain a careful balance—protecting our freedoms while also respecting the rights of others.

The Handmaid’s Tale” is more than just a novel; it is a profound commentary on societal dynamics, personal agency, and the importance of guarding our liberties against potential encroachments. It serves as a stark warning and a compelling narrative that challenges readers to remain aware of how quickly the world can change, urging them to cherish and defend their freedoms diligently.

References

Barasso, M. (2022, October 5). Rachel and Leah in the Bible. Biblical Archaeology Society. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/rachel-and-leah-in-the-bible/

History. (n.d.). Post-war Economies (Russian Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1). Retrieved June 12, 2024, from https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/post-war_economies_russian_empire

Kallo, P. T., Justin Nortey and Asta. (2023, December 7). 2. Spiritual beliefs. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spiritual-beliefs/

King’s College History Department. (n.d.).Concubinage in Asia. Retrieved June 13, 2024, from https://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/concubin.html

Pod Save America (2023). Margaret Atwood on the Rise of Real World Authoritarians | Offline With Jon Favreau. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta3FaoKgHtA