Today was a nice day. The temperature exceeded 85F, but the wind was still cold, making the temperature relatively comfortable. On a day like this, I just want to sit, relax, and have a lazy day. My wife had a plan for us.
My wife read “To Kill a Mockingbird” this September and wanted to watch the movie. She has been planning to watch the film since last week.
My wife does not watch movies, TV shows, or YouTube videos, so she rarely suggests this type of activity, such as watching movies. She has trouble sitting still and watching anything for a long time. She watches movies, usually intending to analyze a film. Many people would have popcorn for a movie; my wife has a notepad and water bottle. Since she was, in part, watching the film as an academic exercise, she was more willing to sit through it. I love watching movies, so I am always happy to watch them with her.
I watched this film in high school after we had read and analyzed the book. Rewatching the movie brought back some childhood memories. My wife told me the book is now banned in some parts of the United States. The movie was rated as 18+. Many high school children would not even watch the movie at school.
After watching the movie, we talked about it. My wife wondered which color suit Atticus (Gregory Peck) was wearing. She thought it was likely gray, but I pointed out tan would also make the color.
She also talks about the differences between the books. Although we both agree the difference would not change, it was not too significant to the point of killing the author’s intention. She was interested in how they expressed the book’s Southern Gothic part. I, on the other hand, was distracted by how the shadow of Boo was portrayed when Jem was at Boo’s house. My wife said all perceptions are memories of young children; they could not be accurate, and vividly remembering things is primarily memorable to them.
I think we had a good day overall. We watched a good movie and had a good conversation about it.
For the past four months, I have been exploring various banned books as a new project for this year. I discovered these titles in a book I purchased during my last trip to Key West. Although I was aware that some books carry mature ratings, I was surprised to learn that certain books are banned in the United States. Given how much I read, my husband found it odd that I didn’t know about this.
Since my 20s, I have been curious about the types of books North Americans read, so I explored many titles from bestseller lists. Until now, it has not even clicked once that some books have faced bans, so I have never specifically looked into them. My curiosity was piqued when I wondered what could lead to a book being banned in the United States. This reading project began primarily as a way to satisfy that curiosity.
The books are usually banned due to the following reasons: Sexually explicit, violent, unsuited to age groups, LGBTQIA content, profanity, political viewpoint, and so on. For example, The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood was banned due to profanity and “vulgarity and sexual overtures.” (The American Library Association, 2022),
To clarify, “banned books” in the United States doesn’t mean they’re entirely inaccessible. They are still available in physical and online bookstores; you can own and read them. However, you might not find them in specific public spaces like schools or libraries.
So far, I’ve analyzed and blogged about ten banned books, and each one has been a fascinating learning experience. In this blog, I want to reflect on what I’ve gained from reading and analyzing these controversial works.
Navigating the World of Literary Analysis
One of the biggest challenges I encountered during this project was realizing that, despite the number of books I’ve read, I lacked experience in literary criticism. While I’ve written about books and occasionally analyzed them for blog posts, I have no formal training in literary critique. I naively believed my passion for reading would suffice, but I quickly discovered that was not enough. I realized This when I read “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Margaret Atwood. I could sense the quality of the writing but struggled to articulate why I thought the book was excellent.
Books like Homer’s Iliad or Shakespeare’s Hamlet have been celebrated for centuries, but what about modern works like The Handmaid’s Tale? Having a good rating doesn’t automatically make a book legendary. It’s a well-written book, but how do I evaluate its merit beyond its popularity? A legendary book can be published at any time, but understanding its value requires a logical approach to analysis.
To address this gap, I began studying literary analysis, taking extensive notes on each book I read. I even bought a textbook on literary critique. My analysis is still evolving, but my notes have significantly improved since the start of this project. I often feel the urge to revisit my earlier reviews and refine my thoughts.
Even with my basic understanding of literary techniques, reading a book transforms the experience. It’s like visiting the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam and discovering the hidden layers beneath his paintings. I never thought of acquiring this knowledge before. Still, it has enriched my reading experience immensely because I am in constant dialogue with the author, which I thoroughly enjoy even though my reading speed has slowed.
Expanding Awareness of Social Issues
All the books I’ve read in this project have been provocative in some way, challenging me to confront uncomfortable truths. Each one addresses significant social issues, prompting me to conduct contextual research using statistics, newspapers, journals, and websites related to the themes explored in the books.
Coming from a relatively privileged background, I wasn’t fully aware of many of these issues. I knew they existed but never engaged with them deeply. Reading and analyzing these books has forced me to process and reflect on these realities. It’s like Plato’s allegory of the cave—I feel as though I’ve emerged from the darkness to see the light.
Some of these books affected me so profoundly that I struggled with their impact. My husband noticed my distress and worried about how deeply I was affected. To maintain my mental balance, I read lighter books in between. I feel a sense of guilt, knowing that people living these realities can’t escape them as I can with a different book.
The Fluidity of Morality
Before diving deeper into this topic, I want to start with a few questions: What defines an action or thought as moral? Who decides these standards, and how do they evolve over time? I grew up in a culture where social norms and expectations differed vastly from North America’s. When I moved here in my teens, I was struck by the distinct moral landscape. This cultural shift forced me to confront the idea that morality is not universal but somewhat shaped by context and background. I became aware of the danger of hastily labeling actions as moral or immoral based solely on my upbringing and values.
However, I hadn’t fully considered until recently how much time also influences our understanding of morality. It’s easy to overlook this aspect, but language and societal values constantly evolve. Once acceptable words are considered offensive, behaviors once deemed appropriate are now frowned upon. As I delved into historical novels like The Awakening by Kate Chopin and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, I saw how much societal expectations have shifted over the decades. These books highlighted the norms of their time, and I grappled with the moral dilemmas presented in them.
This realization of the fluidity of morality led me to reflect on Michel Foucault’s ideas about how morality intertwines each era’s power structures and social constructs. He argued that our sense of right and wrong is not fixed but changes according to the needs and priorities of the ruling powers at the time. This concept is explored in his works, such as Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison and The History of Sexuality. Foucault’s theories have helped me understand why something considered acceptable in one era might be deemed immoral in another.
Through this project of reading banned books, I’ve realized that my previous understanding of morality was limited. I used to think of morals as a static set of guidelines, but now I see them as dynamic and fluid, influenced by time, place, and power. This revelation has been both unsettling and enlightening. It has prompted me to question my own beliefs and to approach each book, not with the intent to judge but with an open mind, seeking to understand the context and complexity behind the moral choices of its characters.
Reflecting on the Journey So Far
Although I’m still in the early stages of this project, the experience has already been transformative. I initially set out to explore banned books out of curiosity, not fully aware of the profound impact they would have on me. Now, just 10% into the project, I realize that this journey is about reading controversial literature and challenging my beliefs and assumptions.
One of the most significant changes has been how I approach literary criticism. I used to believe a genuine passion for reading was enough to evaluate books. Still, I now see the value of a more structured, analytical approach. Understanding the historical and cultural contexts, identifying themes, and examining the use of literary devices have all enriched my reading experience. These tools have enabled me to delve deeper into each book, uncovering layers of meaning I would have otherwise missed.
In addition to gaining a better appreciation for literary analysis, I’ve become more aware of the social issues embedded in these banned books. Each one, in its own way, reflects the struggles and injustices of its time, many of which are still relevant today, forcing me to confront uncomfortable truths and consider perspectives I hadn’t fully acknowledged before. It’s a humbling experience, reminding me of the power of literature to spark meaningful conversations.
Finally, my understanding of morality has evolved. I’ve seen it as a complex, shifting construct influenced by time, culture, and power dynamics. This realization has made me more empathetic and open-minded, both as a reader and as a person.
As I continue this project, I’m excited to see how much more I will learn and grow. I’m approaching each new book with a sense of curiosity and an eagerness to be challenged. This journey is far from over, but I know it’s one of the most rewarding endeavors I’ve ever undertaken.
I’m only beginning this journey, but it has already transformed me. My views on the importance of literary criticism, social awareness, and moral ambiguity have expanded and deepened. As I continue reading, I look forward to discovering more about myself and the world through the lens of these controversial books.
From Reading The Kingdom of Little Wounds, Susann Cokal
The Kingdom of Little Wounds by Susann Cokal is the 10th book I’ve read as part of my project on banned books. Set in a Scandinavian court, the novel immediately recalls Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Throughout the story, the author’s admiration for Shakespeare is evident, and knowing that her ancestors were from Denmark adds a personal touch to this connection.
The book struck me as a dark fairy tale when I began reading. The narrative unfolds through multiple perspectives, with some chapters beginning like brief fables, adding to its eerie charm. What truly captivated me was the depth of research Cokal put into Medieval Europe, bringing the historical setting to life.
As for my background, I studied just one course on Medieval Europe during my undergraduate years, in addition to the general Western history taught in high school. While I’ve always been fascinated by history and supplemented my learning with additional reading, I want to be clear that my understanding is self-taught, and I don’t claim to be an expert on the subject.
At first, I struggled to understand the author’s purpose, so I explored the historical context further. After delving into the history, I reached key conclusions about the story’s underlying themes.
Plot Summary of “The Kingdom of Little Wound”
In the royal court of Skyggehavn, Princess Sophia, a king’s favorite daughter, dies mysteriously on her wedding night after screaming in pain. Poison is suspected, and the royal household is thrown into chaos. Elinor, the countess who oversees the nursery and serves as lady-in-waiting to the queen, is implicated. She is also the queen’s confidante, and it is revealed that Elinor has a secret lover and may have poisoned the princess.
Ava, a seamstress imprisoned for accidentally injuring the queen with her needlework, becomes entangled in the court’s dark intrigue. Used by Nicolas, a power-hungry court official, as both a spy and his sexual plaything, Ava falsely reports that Elinor is having an affair with Sir George, the Secretary of State. As a result, Elinor and Sir George are imprisoned, and Nicolas strengthens his influence over the court. Meanwhile, Elinor confesses that she and the queen have poisoned royal infants in the past.
Midi, a servant in Elinor’s employ, reveals to Nicolas that Ava lied about Elinor’s affair. Meanwhile, Ava is courted by a scholar named Author. Still, she grows suspicious of his intentions, realizing he uses her for his ends. She begins to miss her former lover, who disappeared shortly before their wedding.
As more princesses fall victim to mysterious deaths, Nicolas and his Polish physician manipulate events to frame Queen Isabella for the murders, consolidating their power by getting closer to the king. When the prince dies, only an unborn child remains as the queen’s last hope. Queen Isabella is placed under house arrest and cannot be near her remaining children.
After the king’s death, Nicolas hopes to be appointed regent for the unborn heir, but the queen takes control instead, forcing Nicolas out of the court. Ava and her father, who sold a telescope to the court and supposedly “upset the stars,” are imprisoned. Ava receives a letter from the Author, further complicating her situation.
Nicolas then sets his sights on Queen Isabella’s daughter, hoping to marry her and secure his power. However, his betrothed stabs him with a dagger that he had once gifted her. As Nicolas lies dying, Midi and Ava enter his room, finish him off, and remove the jewels sewn into his genitals to protect him from disease. They flee to Copenhagen, where they live off the wealth they obtained from Nicolas’s body.
Historical Context of the Book
Women’s Role in Medieval Society
In medieval society, dominated by the feudal system, power was concentrated in the hands of men, often tied to land ownership. Women were confined mainly to the private sphere, with their roles restricted to being mothers, widows, or virgins. While Catholicism influenced societal norms and limited women’s opportunities, as seen in The Kingdom of Little Wounds. For instance, Ava, after her public miscarriage, had no choice but to become a needle servant—a reflection of the limited paths available to women in her position. Ava remained chaste until her affair with the scholar Athor, highlighting the few options for women’s autonomy.
While enjoying more visibility in the public sphere, Royal women were still bound by their roles as mothers and wives. As Stoss (2013) notes, even in positions of influence, royal women’s activities largely maintained the power of their husbands and sons. Masculinity in medieval society was measured by strength, political success, and dominance over women (p. 4). This context helps explain the actions of Queen Isabella, Lady Elinor, Ava, and Midi. For example, after King Christian’s death, Queen Isabella’s need for a male heir was about personal power and securing her family’s future.
Social Hierarchies
Feudalism also created rigid social hierarchies. Land and social status were inherited, making upward mobility nearly impossible. A farmer’s son was destined to be a farmer, and a craftsman’s son would inherit the trade. Load Nicholas’s rise in status was a rare exception, as his father, originally from a lower social rank, advanced through marriage. This ambition and social mobility eventually shaped Nicholas’s desire to seize control of the throne despite his low-born origins.
Medical Practices
Medical knowledge in the medieval period was limited, and treatments were often based on the belief that “like cures like.” In the book, royal children suffering from syphilis, or “Italian Fire,” were treated with quicksilver (mercury). Princess Sophia exhibited symptoms of congenital syphilis, such as rashes, likely transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Queen Isabella’s repeated miscarriages and mental instability were consistent with the effects of syphilis, a disease that, while now treatable with penicillin, was then often managed with mercury—a dangerous and ineffective treatment.
Syphilis was long thought to have originated in the New World, but discoveries of pre-Columbian skeletons showing signs of the disease suggest it existed in Europe before Columbus (Timeline—World History Documentaries, Aug 7, 2017).
Well-Used Multi-Point-Of-View Narrative
I was drawn to the novel’s multi-point-of-view narrative, where the Author develops multiple main characters, each with equal importance. In The Kingdom of Little Wounds, there are four central female characters from different social strata: Queen Isabella from the royal family, Elinor from the nobility, Ava, a peasant, and Midi, an enslaved person.
The Author’s decision to present the story through these diverse perspectives is intentional. As mentioned earlier, medieval European women had far fewer rights than men, regardless of their social standing. Even queens and princesses were often used as political pawns by men, reduced to mother, widow, or virgin roles. In the novel, Elinor, Ava, and Midi fall outside these expected roles. At the same time, the queen, on the verge of losing her status as the mother of an heir, faces the threat of losing her political power. All four women are trapped in a world where their survival depends on manipulating male power or leveraging their sons.
Their morally complex actions starkly reflect the desperate choices they are forced to make. What options do they have if they want to survive in their situation? When faced with extreme circumstances, many people are driven to immoral behavior to protect themselves or their loved ones. Why does Ava continue sleeping with Arthur despite suspecting he may be Midi’s lover? Why does she suggest swapping the dead prince for her baby brother? And why does the queen agree to this, knowing it could be considered treason? In harsh realities, people often have no choices.
This brings us to one of my questions: why did the author use this narrative style? Through the multi-character narrative, the Author underscores the various forms of oppression these women face. Despite their diverse social backgrounds, they all fall victim to the same system that restricts their choices and autonomy. This narrative Technique powerfully conveys the plight of women in that period, emphasizing their choice to live in such a patriarchal society.
A Fairly Tale Like Story
Another aspect of the book that intrigued me was its fairytale-like quality. Some chapters begin almost like a traditional folk tale. Suppose you’ve read the original versions of stories like Cinderella or Sleeping Beauty. In that case, you’ll know those tales are much darker than the versions we’re familiar with today. Modern fairy tales are often softened to suit young audiences. Still, in reality, there’s no “happily ever after” for most protagonists. This sense of realism is reflected in the novel’s ambiguous ending.
I found myself wishing for more hopeful resolutions—that Arthur would return to help Midi raise her child, Jacob would return for Ava, or the queen would protect the kingdom forever. Yet, deep down, I knew these outcomes were unlikely. The novel’s ending mirrors the harsh realities the characters face, leaving us to grapple with the uncertainty of their futures, much like the original, darker fairy tales.
Conclusion
This book is definitely not for young readers, but beautifully written. Despite its dark themes, I thoroughly enjoyed the story. The meticulous research was evident, and what stood out most to me was the author’s deep love for the Medieval era, her ancestral homeland, and Shakespeare.
The novel’s multi-point-of-view narrative was carefully crafted, and I pondered why Cokal chose this style. I understood her message after researching the historical context and analyzing the characters. It took me over two weeks, but I finally realized that life in the Medieval era was incredibly harsh, especially for women. This understanding also highlights why many original fairy tales are so dark. The novel profoundly captures that difficult reality.
References
Stoss, L. R. (2013). An Exploration of Conformity to Medieval Male and Female Roles in the Chronicle of Alfonso X. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/1701Timeline – World History
Documentaries (Director). (2017, August 7). 1495 Syphilis Outbreak: The Deadly Disease That Swept Across Europe | The Syphilis Enigma | Timeline [Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bWNF_eNwvI
Kate Chopin’s The Awakening was initially published in 1899 by Herbert S. Stone & Company. The book was written around “Women’s Independence” and “Women’s sexual exploration. ” It challenged gender expectations at the time.
During this period, women in the United States had far fewer rights than men. It wasn’t until 1920, when the 19th Amendment was ratified that women gained the right to vote (National Archives, n.d.). In the decades leading up to this, only about 15% of women worked outside the home, primarily due to the opportunities presented by the Industrial Revolution, which led factory owners to hire women and children at lower wages. Despite these advances, women were still expected to marry, bear children, and manage their households. The struggle for property rights, which women in the U.S. won slightly earlier than their English counterparts, was just one facet of the broader fight for equality.
Chopin’s portrayal of Edna Pontellier’s journey in The Awakening delves deeply into the struggles and desires that accompany the pursuit of personal freedom, especially within the constraints of a society that has rigid expectations for women. The novel invites readers to explore the emotional and psychological complexities faced by women who dared to seek independence in a world that often demanded their subservience.
Through Edna’s experiences, Chopin offers a nuanced critique of the societal norms that stifle individuality and the frequently painful consequences of defying these norms. This intricate exploration of a woman’s quest for self-realization is a powerful narrative that still resonates with readers today. Today, in this blog, I want to focus on its symbolism and how it is not only built around the theme of this book, “Women’s Independence and Freedom,” but also tied to Edna’s internal journey. Finally, I want to discuss what I have learned from this novel.
The Plot Summary
Edna Pontellier, the protagonist, is the wife of Leonce Potenllier, who owns French Louisiana Cresole. They have twin boys. They went to Grand Isle for summer vacation, managed by Madame Leburn and her sons Robert and Victor. Robert Leburn is a charming young man who seeks Edna’s attention. Unlike her husband, Leonce, Robert pays great attention to Edna. He also taught Edna how to swim, as Edna was born and raised in Kentucky and never learned to swim. Their relationship started innocently. When they fell in love, Robert fled to Mexico for business.
After returning home to New Orleans after their vacation, Edna actively sought her happiness. She isolated herself from society in New Orleans. She started withdrawing from caring for her kids or traditional duties at home. She began to paint and try to earn money. Leounce worried about her, but his medical doctor, also a friend, advised him to let her be until things got normal.
While Leonce was in New York for his business, she moved out of their home and rented a house nearby. Edna started to have an affair with Alcee Arobin, a womanizer. It was a sexual relationship, but an awkward relationship. Eventually, Robert returned from Mexico and confessed to Edna that he loved her. Edna’s friend, Adele, had a problematic childbirth for her 4th child and called Edna. She told her that she needed to think about her children. When she returns from Adele, Edna realizes that Robert has left her for good because he loves her so much that he cannot endure a relationship with a married woman.
Edna was shocked and betrayed. She returned to Grand Isle, where she first met Robert, and went into the ocean to seek eternal freedom.
The Theme and Symbolize of the book
The book is written around the theme of “Women’s Independence.” What I found intriguing was the progression in the symbolism of the sea, which is tightly related to Edna’s internal journey from fear to freedom and, ultimately, her tragic resolution.
Beginning (Serpents/Fear): Edna’s fear of the ocean is reflected in the initial depiction of the sea, with the serpent representing fear, danger, and seduction. Likewise, women’s freedom and independence were perceived as fear, risk, and unknown.
Conquering Swimming (Expanse of Water): As Edna learns to swim, the sea is now described as an expanse that could be perceived as a limitless space merging with the sky. The shift signifies her newfound confidence and realization of her potential for independence. The Sea now also embodies the boundless possibilities that freedom potentially offers to Edna. This is when Edna started to embrace her independence and desires.
After Breaking up with Robert (Serpent again): When Edna’s relationship with Robert ends, the sea is once again described as Serpent, a more menacing form. This return of the serpent suggests the resurgence of her fears and doubts as her emotional support crumbles, and she faces the harsh realities of her choices.
End (Sensual Embrace): Finally, the description of the sea at the end of the novel—sensuous and embracing—indicates Edna’s ultimate surrender to the idea of freedom, but now in a more permanent and absolute form.
The author used this trick to emphasize water’s freedom to be shaped into unlimited forms. I don’t recall any books changing the symbolism to change forms. It’s brilliant!
The Important Lessons I Learned from This Book
Independence and freedom come with consequences, so you need to be strong to withstand social rejection. When you start something completely new, you still need support from society. I understand that being independent can be challenging. I left Japan when I was 18 years old. Women are expected to stay local and get married. I am from a small city in Japan, and my actions can be considered peculiar. Most of my friend’s mother stayed home. My mother, who never stopped working after her two childbirths, influenced me a lot. I wanted to work, but it was impossible due to our bad economy. Back then, women had difficulties getting a permanent job. So, I saw the potential outside of Japan, so I left. It was hard, but I still had some support, ultimately making me who I am today. Remember, I still had some support. While Edna had almost no support at all. Chopin’s book highlights that true independence is not all about rejecting social norms; it also requires a robust support system and the ability to withstand the consequences.
Her book The Awakening was initially published. Some critics praised Chopin’s courage in challenging the norm of gender expectations at the time. Still, many gave negative criticism, claiming the book was too provocative to the point of being controversial. I found a fascinating picture of Kate Chopin’s letter to Herbert Stone in 1899. She asked her publisher, Herbert Stone, “What are the prospects for the book?” in the letter as her professional reputation as an author. Despite her efforts, her book, “A Vocation and a Voice,” was denied for publishing the following year. Her book was forgotten after she died in 1904 until the 1960s when it was picked as a landmark in feminist fiction.
I don’t think Edna’s choice was something I will embrace. I still see the great literature values in the book. I found the words in this novel to be beautiful. Most importantly, this progressive book was written in the late 19th century in the United States.
In this blog, I discuss a sticky social issue we are still trying to figure out by delving into John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck drew inspiration from Robert Burns’ poem “To a Mouse” to write this novel—the novel centers on two migrant workers navigating California during the Great Depression. Lennie, one of the workers, is disabled and possesses the mental capacity of a young child.
George and Lennie – generated by NightCafe
Due to its themes of violence and profanity, “Of Mice and Men” has frequently contested the position of the top 100 banned books list in the United States for decades.
I am introducing this book as one of the banned books, but it was once a staple of the high school English curriculum—my husband included. This novel explains many literary tools and discusses social issues. My husband suggested that I read this novel parallel to a poem written by Robert Burns for a deeper understanding.
This novel is profoundly saddening. It moved me to tears when I read this novel the first time; if asked whether I liked it, I’d lean towards no, but I still recognize its significant literary value. Steinbeck tackles the uncomfortable social issues of how society treated mentally challenged people during that era.
Plot Summary of Of Mice and Men
The protagonists, George Milton and Lennie Small, are itinerant farmworkers in California. George is practical and intelligent, while Lennie is physically strong but mentally challenged. Lennie is a good worker but needs to be faster to understand things. Lennie has a penchant for soft and pretty things and loves touching them. When Lennie gets panicked or afraid, he has the habit of grabbing. Unfortunately, Lennie does not understand his strength, so he halts and breaks whatever he holds onto—which has caused trouble in the past.
They struggled to maintain one job for an extended period, possibly due to the Great Depression. Still, Lennie’s problematic behaviors added to the difficulty. George looked after Lennie, nurturing their shared dream of owning a 10-acre farm where Lennie hopes to raise rabbits.
Their dream almost becomes reality through a deal with Candy, another worker who proposes they buy a farm together. However, the plan unravels after Lennie accidentally kills Curley’s wife in a moment of panic—Curley is the jealous and aggressive farm owner. In a tragic turn, George decides to end Lennie’s life mercifully to spare him from Curley’s wrath, reminiscent of how Candy’s old dog was euthanized.
The History of Criminalizing Mental Illness
In the United States, individuals with behavioral issues were often forcibly placed into Insane Asylums. The asylum was constructed in the late 1800s and became overcrowded by the 1930s (Colorado College, 2016, para. 2-3).
Most patients had not committed any crimes; it was a preemptive measure. Some who had committed crimes may have been sent to asylums. Most of them ended up in a cell on death row. Back then, protections like the 8th Amendment did not apply, and many more individuals could be executed for their perceived crimes, as seen in early 20th-century cases.
I was digging into some of the old cases from the Early 1900s, such as Ed Hager’s 1909 case or Cruz Romero’s 1929 case (Colorado College, 2016, para. 13-14), which are great examples. From what I can see from the record, they should have been admitted to an institution instead of admitted into cells on death row.
No Interpretation of Mental Illness Until the ’50s
Despite evident mental incapacities, diagnoses of sanity persisted until the mid-20th century. For instance, the inability to recognize the insanity in individuals like Ed Hager and Cruz Romero highlights a lack of understanding of mental health issues until significant changes in 1952 (Colorado College, 2016, para. 5). Lennie’s character brings to mind these historical injustices, showing no comprehension of his actions yet dreaming of future rabbits.
Intellectual Disability and Punishment
The U.S. has come a long way. Awareness of mental health issues has improved, and the Constitution now forbids cruel punishments, as stated in our 8th Amendment, “… nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted”, including the execution of those with intellectual disabilities, as affirmed by the Atkins v. Virginia case (Atkins v. Virginia, n.d.).
Killing for Compassion – Did George Commit Mercy Killing or Murder?
The end of the story leads us to a complex question: Did George commit mercy killing or murder? Before delving into this, it’s worth noting the plot of Burns’ “To a Mouse.” The poem discusses life’s unpredictability for both humans and animals, illustrated by the accidental destruction of a mouse’s nest. Humans will remember the tragedy as a bad memory and fear for the future. On the other hand, animals cannot. Just as the mouse is unaware of its bleak future, Lennie is unaware of the imminent threat from Curley and his men, nor are any criminal charges imposed upon him. George’s act can thus be seen as one of compassion, sparing Lennie from a future he couldn’t grasp, much like the speaker’s pity for the mouse.
Since the story ends here, we would not know what happened to George after this incident. He may be charged with the murder of Goerge.
Conclusion
I learned critical moral lessons from this book: Exploring “Of Mice and Men” alongside historical perspectives on mental illness. I realized that anyone can experience unexpected tragedy and the cruelty of fate. Moreover, I learned the importance of having empathy, regardless of our status or significance.
Additionally, exploring the poignant verses of Robert Burns’s “To a Mouse” enriches our understanding of George and Lennie’s tragic story. While the novel leaves us with heavy hearts, it also invites reflection on broader societal issues—mainly how we treat the most vulnerable.
Steinbeck’s narrative is a tale of friendship and shattered dreams and a timeless reminder of the importance of empathy and the complexities surrounding moral decisions. As we close this discussion, let me carry forward the lessons learned from George and Lennie’s journey, recognizing the profound impact of literature in echoing the call for humanity and compassion in our ongoing dialogue about mental health and justice.
The second book I selected from the banned book list was “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Margaret Atwood. This dystopian novel is set in a fictional future known as the Republic of Gilead. This society in this book, governed by a secretive religious regime adhering to strict Christian doctrines, incorporates Biblical references, providing a basis for its ideologies. Atwood, who identifies as a Puritan, crafted this ominous world from a blend of personal experiences and historical atrocities, as discussed in her interview on Pod Save America (2023).
Upon first delving into the novel, I was immediately unsettled. The story portrays a totalitarian regime overtaking parts of the United States, stripping away freedoms, particularly from women who are reduced to mere possessions of men. The book describes a highly oppressed society. There is no freedom of expression. People in this society lived with fears. During her Pod Save America interview (2023), Atwood referenced her trips to Eastern Europe in the 1980s, explaining the passive acceptance of oppressive societies as a result of severe consequences for resistance, such as being shot (3:45 – 10:19).
The story’s protagonist, once a university-educated woman with a career and a family, is trapped in a dire situation following a crackdown on women’s rights. Imagine suddenly losing all access to your money and being banned from reading—parallels drawn to Ray Bradbury’s ‘Fahrenheit 451’. After being captured while attempting to flee to Canada, she faces a grim choice: become a handmaid or be condemned to die in colonies, a type of concentration camp. Upon choosing the former, she loses her identity and is renamed Offred, signifying her possession by a man named Fred. Her primary role is to become a concubine for a couple who could not have a child – this mirrors an ancient practice referenced in the Bible, where women like Rachel and Leah used their maids as surrogates (Genesis 29-30, 35). According to Barasso (2022, October 5), this type of marriage arrangement existed in ancient Mesopotamian marriage contracts.
The narrative explores the concept of Concubinage. The idea of the Concubinage system has been introduced previously. In our history, Concubinage was particularly prevalent in historical Asia such as Japan and China. They considered this type of arrangement to be less risky because children of concubines were often deemed illegitimate and devoid of inheritance rights unless explicitly permitted by the father (King’s College History Department, n.d.).
As the story progresses, we experience the harsh realities of Gilead through Offred’s perspective, which is marked by her incredible resilience and determination to survive. She encounters others who oppose the regime, forming risky alliances and emotional bonds, further complicating her precarious existence.
The novel’s climax remains ambiguous as Offred is taken away by the secret police, known as the Eyes, with only the reassurances of Nick, a sympathetic character, to suggest her removal might be part of a resistance effort known as May Day.
Atwood skillfully unfolds the narrative, allowing the reader to gradually comprehend Gilead’s oppressive nature through Offred’s descriptions and observations, such as “the shatterproof windows” of her bedroom, hinting at the extremes taken to prevent escaping through the last result of suicide. I found this writing style to be a clever choice by the author, as the story kept us in suspense.
The display of executed dissenters, stringent control measures, and pervasive surveillance echo the chilling atmospheres of other dystopian works like George Orwell’s “1984” and Bradbury’s “Fahrenheit 451”. The echoes of totalitarian regimes from history, such as the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which arose from dire social conditions in Russia, provide a somber reminder of how quickly societies can deteriorate under certain pressures (History, n.d.).
Atwood talks about how tough times can make people more open to religious and spiritual beliefs (Pod Save America, 2022). She points out that religious ideas feel more meaningful and powerful when people struggle. She also notes that many of us hold some form of religious or spiritual beliefs (10:45 – 15:52). According to surveys from the Pew Research Center, 88% of Americans believe in a god or some other higher power (Kallo, 2023). These beliefs could more easily influence people in difficult times.
Living in the United States, we’re lucky to have the First Amendment protect our freedoms. Yet, “The Handmaid’s Tale” makes us think about how fragile these rights can be during tough times, like during pandemics or economic troubles. It’s easy for politicians to use our fear and anger for their benefit. This book highlights how important it is for us to stay alert and maintain a careful balance—protecting our freedoms while also respecting the rights of others.
The Handmaid’s Tale” is more than just a novel; it is a profound commentary on societal dynamics, personal agency, and the importance of guarding our liberties against potential encroachments. It serves as a stark warning and a compelling narrative that challenges readers to remain aware of how quickly the world can change, urging them to cherish and defend their freedoms diligently.
In the United States, a number of books have been challenged or banned in schools and libraries. Among these, “Thirteen Reasons Why” by Jay Asher caught my attention when I saw it on a list of 100 banned books. I chose this book not for any specific reason but because it was readily available.
The story begins with a high school student, Clay Jensen, receiving a mysterious package. Inside, he finds several tapes recorded by his deceased classmate, Hanna Baker. The tapes reveal thirteen reasons why she decided to end her life, and each tape is dedicated to a different person who contributed to her decision. Clay follows a map Hanna left behind as he listens to the tapes, uncovering his peers’ often painful actions and choices.
Throughout the book, issues such as betrayal, bullying, underage drinking, and sexual assault are explored. These topics start with a rumor about Hanna that spirals out of control, impacting her profoundly. Despite her attempts to seek help, the lack of adequate support reaches a breaking point for her.
Clay’s tape does not accuse him of harming her. Instead, Hanna wanted to share her feelings with him because he genuinely cared for her. This part of the book made me ponder whether I could have been as supportive as Clay tried to be, especially if I faced rejection. In the end, Clay hesitated to help her after the rejection – which I could not really blame him.
“Thirteen Reasons Why” was one of the top ten most challenged books in 2012, primarily because of its raw depiction of sensitive issues like teen suicide and bullying, which some thought inappropriate for young readers (Gomez, 2018). These concerns led to its removal from some school libraries and even bans in certain districts.
Despite having yet to experience high school in the U.S., the book paints a realistic picture of teens’ pressures and challenges. It might resonate with many young readers who see aspects of their own lives reflected in Hanna’s story.
As I read, things might have been different for Hanna if the adults around her had offered better guidance. Her parents’ constant arguing and the ineffective advice from her school counselor added to her sense of isolation. Those thoughts made me question why more supportive measures, like counseling helplines and better communication, were not available to her.
The book is undeniably provocative and presents an opportunity to address the real issues it raises. Research indicates these problems are widespread, with studies showing that bullying, drug addiction, and alcohol issues are major concerns among teens. Additionally, over 20% of teens have considered suicide (Pappas, 2023), highlighting our lack of infrastructure and emphasizing a critical need for better mental health support in our schools (Stamm & Assefa, 2023).
Banning the book doesn’t solve these underlying issues. Instead, we should focus on improving our social support structures for distressed young people. The story “Thirteen Reasons Why” is a powerful reminder of the importance of empathy and understanding, particularly when addressing sensitive issues among teenagers.
In conclusion, Jay Asher’s novel is a powerful tool that encourages deep reflection on how to better support our youth. Rather than shying away from complex topics, we should use stories like these to spark meaningful conversations and push for changes that genuinely help those in need. Despite its controversies, I hope that this book will be read by many, whether they are parents, educators, or simply individuals who care about the well-being of young people.
During my trip to Key West, I had an unforgettable experience at The Studios of Key West, located at Simonton Street and Eaton Street. The building caught our attention with its modern design and stylish window displays. Knowing my passion for books, my husband pointed it out during our first encounter with the place. Although we initially passed it by due to a planned visit to Hemingway’s house, we returned later.
Inside, I stumbled upon an intriguing book titled “Read These Banned Books,” published by the American Library Association. Flipping through it, I discovered a list of 100 books, some of which were familiar to me as dystopian novels, like “Brave New World” by Aldous Huxley, “1984” by George Orwell, and “The Hunger Games” by Suzanne Collins.
The term “banned” doesn’t imply that these books are entirely unavailable in the United States. They can be bought or borrowed from someone who has them, though they might not be found in your local library or school. Interestingly, The Studios of Key West had these books on display, reinforcing the belief that literature should remain uncensored.
It struck me as ironic that books like “Brave New World” and “1984,” which portray worlds plagued by extreme censorship, are themselves banned. If “Fahrenheit 451” were also on the list, it would complete the books I’ve discussed in a previous blog about literary censorship.
As someone who cherishes reading, I find banning books disheartening. While I’m no book critic or expert, I trust my ability to recognize compelling literature, which often leaves me with mixed feelings about banned books.
Now, I’d like to share a darker story and caution sensitive readers to proceed with care. In 2012, a book was published under a pseudonym by an author, Shonen A, who confessed to committing murders in Kobe, Japan, in 1997. The author was underage, and the name was not released. The victims were grade-schoolers, and the book was released without the knowledge of the victims’ families. I personally choose not to read or purchase such a book, as I cannot support profiting from others’ tragedies. The important thing is that I decided not to read the book.
Despite not being a professional critic, my curiosity drives me to explore these controversial books, many of which are influential yet banned. This exploration is not just about reading; it’s also about understanding the reasons behind their bans. I came across a lecture series titled “Banned Books, Burned Books Forbidden Literary Works,” which I plan to follow while I delve into these banned books.
There are 100 banned books on the list. It will take time to read them all, but I am committed to reading them slowly and with intent. My goal is not just to read but also to research and understand the context of their bans, ultimately forming my own opinions on whether these books deserve to be censored.
This journey through banned books is not only about discovery but also a personal statement on the importance of freedom in literature and the right to choose what we read, regardless of the controversy surrounding the content.
Today, I want to take you through a few riveting yet chilling books I recently dove into. After I read Mistborn, I decided to explore 4 Dystopian books, which are 1984, Fahrenheit 451, The Brave New World, and finally, the Hunger Games. Some books scared me a lot because similar conditions may exist in some parts of the world. These novels fall under the ‘dystopian’ genre, which means they paint pictures of imagined worlds where things have gone wrong. These stories can be dark and depressing but are thought-provoking and offer incredible insights.
To kick off our exploration, we have George Orwell’s classic “1984.” Imagine a world where Big Brother always watches, and freedom is a dream. That’s the haunting reality in 1984. Orwell’s mastery in creating a world where individuality is crushed, and truth is manipulated had me gripping the book tight. It’s scary to think how his dystopian vision feels almost too real at times.
Next on our list is “Fahrenheit 451” by Ray Bradbury. In this fiery tale, books are banned, and ‘firemen’ burn them! Sounds crazy, right? Bradbury’s world made me appreciate our freedom to read, learn, and think. But it also made me ponder – what if knowledge and creativity became a threat? This book is a wake-up call, reminding us to cherish our intellectual freedoms.
Our third stop is “Brave New World” by Aldous Huxley. This book is a cocktail of science and society gone wrong. Huxley presents a world where humans are bred in labs, conditioned to conform, and happiness is achieved through a drug called ‘Soma.’ The dystopia here is disguised as a utopia – a perfect world. But is it perfect if we’re stripped of emotions, relationships, and the essence of being human?
Finally, we have “The Hunger Games” by Suzanne Collins to lighten our mood slightly. Yes, it’s a dystopian novel with thrilling adventure, resilient characters, and a glimmer of hope. Set in post-apocalyptic North America, the story revolves around Katniss Everdeen, a young girl forced to participate in a deadly televised game. Katniss’s bravery and humanity shine through despite the grim setting, making this an engaging read.
Each of these novels serves up a feast of thought. They might be set in fictional worlds, but they hold up a mirror to our society, forcing us to reflect on our values and choices. And that’s what makes them both terrifying and fascinating. They remind us that while dystopias are places we wouldn’t want to live in, we should still learn from them.
I hope this peek into my recent reads encourages you to explore these remarkable dystopian tales. They might not be the typical light-hearted summer reads, but I promise you, they’re worth it. So, get your hands on these books and let the reading adventure begin!
Remember, as you journey through these dystopias, feeling down is okay. After all, these are worlds where things have taken a wrong turn. But also remember to look for the lessons and the hope that often hides in these stories.
